Lawula isingeniso se-chip yekilasi
I-chip yokulawula ikakhulukazi ibhekisela ku-MCU (Iyunithi Yokulawula I-Microcontroller), okungukuthi, i-microcontroller, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-chip eyodwa, ukunciphisa imvamisa ye-CPU kanye nokucaciswa ngokufanele, kanye nenkumbulo, isikhathi, ukuguqulwa kwe-A/D, iwashi, I. Imbobo /O kanye nokuxhumana kwe-serial kanye namanye amamojula asebenzayo nezixhumi ezibonakalayo ezihlanganiswe ku-chip eyodwa.Iqaphela umsebenzi wokulawula ukuphela, inezinzuzo zokusebenza okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ukuhleleka nokuguquguquka okuphezulu.
Umdwebo we-MCU wezinga legeji yemoto
Ezezimoto ziyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwe-MCU, ngokusho kwedatha ye-IC Insights, ngo-2019, uhlelo lokusebenza lomhlaba wonke lwe-MCU kuma-elekthronikhi wezimoto lwabalelwa ku-33%.Inombolo ye-MCUS esetshenziswa imoto ngayinye kumamodeli aphezulu isondele ku-100, kusukela kumakhompiyutha okushayela, izinsimbi ze-LCD, izinjini, i-chassis, izingxenye ezinkulu nezincane emotweni zidinga ukulawulwa kwe-MCU.
Ezinsukwini zakuqala, i-8-bit kanye ne-16-bit MCUS yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni, kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo komshini wezimoto nobuhlakani, inani nekhwalithi ye-MCUS edingekayo nakho kuyakhula.Njengamanje, ingxenye ye-32-bit MCUS ku-MCUS yezimoto isifinyelele cishe ku-60%, lapho i-ARM's Cortex series kernel, ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphansi nokulawula amandla okuhle kakhulu, iwukukhetha okujwayelekile kwabakhiqizi bezimoto be-MCU.
Imingcele eyinhloko ye-MCU yezimoto ihlanganisa i-voltage yokusebenza, imvamisa yokusebenza, umthamo we-Flash kanye ne-RAM, imojula yesikhathi nenombolo yesiteshi, imojula ye-ADC nenombolo yesiteshi, uhlobo lwesixhumi esibonakalayo sokuxhumana kwe-serial nenombolo, inombolo ye-port ye-I/O yokufaka nokuphuma, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza, iphakheji. ifomu kanye nezinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo.
Ihlukaniswe ngamabhithi e-CPU, i-MCUS yezimoto ingahlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngamabhithi angu-8, amabhithi angu-16 namabhithi angu-32.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo, izindleko ze-32-bit MCUS ziyaqhubeka nokwehla, futhi manje isiphenduke insakavukela, futhi kancane kancane ingena esikhundleni sezinhlelo zokusebenza nezimakethe ezibuswa yi-8/16-bit MCUS esikhathini esidlule.
Uma ihlukaniswa ngokuya ngenkundla yesicelo, i-MCU yezimoto ingahlukaniswa ngesizinda somzimba, isizinda samandla, isizinda se-chassis, isizinda se-cockpit kanye nesizinda sokushayela esihlakaniphile.Ngesizinda se-cockpit kanye nesizinda sedrayivu ehlakaniphile, i-MCU idinga ukuba namandla ekhompyutha aphezulu kanye nezindawo zokuxhumana zangaphandle ezinesivinini esikhulu, njenge-CAN FD ne-Ethernet.Isizinda somzimba sidinga futhi inombolo enkulu yezindawo zokuxhumana zangaphandle, kodwa izidingo zamandla ekhompuyutha e-MCU ziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, kuyilapho isizinda samandla nesizinda se-chassis sidinga izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza namazinga okuphepha okusebenza.
I-chip yokulawula isizinda se-Chassis
Isizinda se-Chassis sihlobene nokushayela imoto futhi sakhiwe isistimu yokudlulisela, isistimu yokushayela, isistimu yokuqondisa kanye nesistimu yokubhuleka.Yakhiwe ama-subsystems amahlanu, okuyi-steering, braking, shifting, throttle kanye ne-suspension system.Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuhlakani bezimoto, ukuqashelwa kombono, ukuhlela izinqumo kanye nokulawulwa kokulawulwa kwezimoto ezihlakaniphile kuyizinhlelo ezibalulekile zesizinda se-chassis.I-Steering-by-wire kanye ne-drive-by-wire yizici ezibalulekile zesiphetho esiphezulu sokushayela okuzenzakalelayo.
(1) Izimfuneko zomsebenzi
Isizinda se-chassis se-ECU sisebenzisa ukusebenza okuphezulu, iplathifomu yokuphepha esheshayo futhi isekela ukuhlangana kwezinzwa kanye nezinzwa ezinama-multi-axis inertial.Ngokusekelwe kulesi simo sohlelo lokusebenza, lezi zidingo ezilandelayo zihlongozwa isizinda se-chassis MCU:
· Imvamisa ephezulu kanye nezidingo zamandla ekhompuyutha aphezulu, imvamisa enkulu ayikho ngaphansi kuka-200MHz futhi amandla ekhompyutha awekho ngaphansi kuka-300DMIPS
· Indawo yokubeka i-Flash ayikho ngaphansi kuka-2MB, enekhodi Flash kanye nedatha Flash ukwahlukanisa ngokomzimba;
I-RAM engekho ngaphansi kuka-512KB;
· Izimfuneko eziphezulu zezinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo, zingafinyelela izinga le-ASIL-D;
· Sekela ukunemba kwe-12-bit ADC;
· Sekela ukunemba okuphezulu okungu-32-bit, isibali sikhathi sokuvumelanisa esiphezulu;
· Sekela i-CAN-FD enamashaneli amaningi;
· Ukusekela hhayi ngaphansi kuka-100M Ethernet;
· Ukwethembeka akukho ngaphansi kwe-AEC-Q100 Grade1;
· Sekela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-inthanethi (i-OTA);
· Sekela umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa i-firmware (i-algorithm kazwelonke eyimfihlo);
(2) Izidingo zokusebenza
· Ingxenye ye-Kernel:
I. Ifrikhwensi eyinhloko: okungukuthi, ifrikhwensi yewashi lapho i-kernel isebenza, esetshenziselwa ukumela isivinini se-kernel digital pulse oscillation, futhi ifrikhwensi eyinhloko ayikwazi ukumela ngokuqondile isivinini sokubala se-kernel.Isivinini sokusebenza kwe-Kernel sihlobene nepayipi le-kernel, inqolobane, isethi yemiyalelo, njll.
II.Amandla ekhompuyutha: I-DMIPS ngokuvamile ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlola.I-DMIPS iyunithi ekala ukusebenza okuhlobene kohlelo lokuma oluhlanganisiwe lwe-MCU lapho luhlolwa.
· Imingcele yememori:
I. Imemori yekhodi: inkumbulo esetshenziselwa ukugcina ikhodi;
II.Imemori yedatha: inkumbulo esetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha;
III.RAM: Inkumbulo esetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha yesikhashana nekhodi.
· Ibhasi lokuxhumana: okuhlanganisa ibhasi elikhethekile lemoto kanye nebhasi lokuxhumana elivamile;
· Amapheripheral anembe kakhulu;
· Izinga lokushisa lokusebenza;
(3) Iphethini yezimboni
Njengoba i-architecture kagesi neye-elekthronikhi esetshenziswa abenzi bezimoto abahlukene izohluka, izidingo zengxenye yesizinda se-chassis zizohluka.Ngenxa yokucushwa okuhlukene kwamamodeli ahlukene emboni yezimoto efanayo, ukukhethwa kwe-ECU yendawo ye-chassis kuzohluka.Lo mehluko uzoholela ezimfuneko ezahlukene ze-MCU zesizinda se-chassis.Isibonelo, i-Honda Accord isebenzisa ama-chips esizinda se-chassis amathathu e-MCU, kanti i-Audi Q7 isebenzisa ama-chips e-MCU wesizinda se-chassis ayi-11.Ngo-2021, ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto zohlobo lwamaShayina zabagibeli cishe ziyizigidi eziyi-10, lapho isidingo esijwayelekile sesizinda se-chassis se-MCUS singama-5, futhi imakethe isiyonke ifinyelele cishe ezigidini ezingama-50.Abahlinzeki abakhulu be-MCUS kuso sonke isizinda se-chassis yi-Infineon, NXP, Renesas, Microchip, TI kanye ne-ST.Laba bathengisi abahlanu bamazwe ngamazwe abasebenzisa i-semiconductor babala ngaphezu kwama-99% emakethe yesizinda se-chassis MCUS.
(4) Izithiyo zezimboni
Kusukela endaweni yokubuka eyinhloko yezobuchwepheshe, izingxenye zesizinda se-chassis ezifana ne-EPS, EPB, ESC zihlobene eduze nokuphepha kwempilo yomshayeli, ngakho izinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo lesizinda se-chassis le-MCU liphezulu kakhulu, ngokuyisisekelo i-ASIL-D izidingo zezinga.Leli zinga elisebenzayo lokuphepha le-MCU alinalutho e-China.Ngaphezu kwezinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo, izimo zokusetshenziswa kwezingxenye ze-chassis zinezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuvama kwe-MCU, amandla ekhompyutha, umthamo wenkumbulo, ukusebenza kwe-peripheral, ukunemba kwe-peripheral nezinye izici.Isizinda se-Chassis i-MCU senze umgoqo wemboni ophakeme kakhulu, odinga abakhiqizi basekhaya be-MCU ukuthi baphonsele inselelo futhi baphule.
Mayelana ne-supply chain, ngenxa yezidingo zefrikhwensi ephezulu namandla ekhompuyutha aphezulu we-chip yokulawula yezingxenye zesizinda se-chassis, izidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zibekwe phambili ngenqubo kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza ama-wafer.Njengamanje, kubonakala sengathi okungenani inqubo engu-55nm iyadingeka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemvamisa ye-MCU ngaphezu kuka-200MHz.Kulokhu, umugqa wokukhiqiza we-MCU wasekhaya awuphelele futhi awukafinyeleli ezingeni lokukhiqiza ngobuningi.Abakhiqizi be-semiconductor bamazwe ngamazwe ngokuyisisekelo bamukele imodeli ye-IDM, ngokwemibandela yama-wafer foundries, okwamanje yi-TSMC, UMC kanye ne-GF kuphela abanamakhono ahambisanayo.Abakhiqizi bama-chip basekhaya bonke bayizinkampani ze-Fabless, futhi kunezinselele kanye nezingozi ezithile ekukhiqizeni ama-wafer kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwamandla.
Ezimeni zekhompuyutha eziwumongo ezifana nokushayela okuzenzakalelayo, i-cpus yenhloso evamile yendabuko kunzima ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo zekhompiyutha ye-AI ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo kwekhompuyutha, futhi ama-AI chips afana ne-Gpus, FPgas kanye nama-ASIcs asebenza kahle kakhulu emaphethelweni kanye namafu anawo. izici futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi.Ngokombono wezitayela zobuchwepheshe, i-GPU isazoba yi-AI chip ehamba phambili esikhathini esifushane, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-ASIC iyisiqondiso esiphezulu.Ngokombono wokuthambekela kwemakethe, isidingo somhlaba wonke sama-chips e-AI sizogcina ukukhula okusheshayo, futhi amafu nama-chip chips anamandla amakhulu okukhula, futhi izinga lokukhula kwemakethe kulindeleke ukuthi lisondele ku-50% eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo.Nakuba isisekelo sobuchwepheshe be-chip basekhaya sibuthakathaka, ngokufika ngokushesha kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AI, umthamo osheshayo wesidingo se-chip we-AI udala amathuba obuchwepheshe nokukhula kwamandla kwamabhizinisi endawo.Ukushayela ngokuzenzakalelayo kunezidingo eziqinile emandleni ekhompyutha, ukubambezeleka nokuthembeka.Njengamanje, izixazululo ze-GPU+FPGA zisetshenziswa kakhulu.Ngokuzinza kwama-algorithms nokuqhutshwa kwedatha, ama-ASIcs kulindeleke ukuthi athole indawo yemakethe.
Kudingeka isikhala esiningi ku-chip ye-CPU yokubikezela kwegatsha nokwenza kahle, konga izifundazwe ezahlukahlukene ukunciphisa ukubambezeleka kokushintshwa komsebenzi.Lokhu futhi kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ekulawuleni okunengqondo, ukusebenza kwe-serial kanye nokusebenza kwedatha yohlobo olujwayelekile.Thatha i-GPU ne-CPU njengesibonelo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CPU, i-GPU isebenzisa inani elikhulu lamayunithi ekhompiyutha kanye nepayipi elide, kuphela ukulawulwa okunengqondo okulula kakhulu nokususa i-Cache.I-CPU ayigcini nje ngokuthatha isikhala esiningi nge-Cache, kodwa futhi ine-logic yokulawula eyinkimbinkimbi kanye namasekhethi amaningi okwenza kahle, uma kuqhathaniswa namandla e-computing ayingxenye encane kuphela.
I-chip yokulawula isizinda samandla
Isilawuli sesizinda samandla siyiyunithi yokuphatha i-powertrain ehlakaniphile.Nge-CAN/FLEXRAY ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphathwa kokudlulisela, ukuphathwa kwebhethri, ukuqapha ukulawulwa kwe-alternator, ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kahle kwe-powertrain nokulawula, kuyilapho kokubili ukuxilongwa kwephutha elihlakaniphile likagesi elihlakaniphile ukonga amandla, ukuxhumana ngebhasi neminye imisebenzi.
(1) Izimfuneko zomsebenzi
I-MCU yokulawula isizinda samandla ingasekela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu ezisemandleni, njenge-BMS, ngezimfuneko ezilandelayo:
· Imvamisa ephezulu ephezulu, imvamisa eyinhloko 600MHz ~ 800MHz
RAM 4MB
· Izimfuneko eziphezulu zezinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo, zingafinyelela izinga le-ASIL-D;
· Sekela i-CAN-FD enamashaneli amaningi;
· Ukusekela i-2G Ethernet;
· Ukwethembeka akukho ngaphansi kwe-AEC-Q100 Grade1;
· Sekela umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa i-firmware (i-algorithm kazwelonke eyimfihlo);
(2) Izidingo zokusebenza
Ukusebenza okuphezulu: Umkhiqizo uhlanganisa i-ARM Cortex R5 dual-core lock-step CPU kanye ne-4MB on-chip SRAM ukuze kusekelwe amandla ekhompuyutha akhulayo kanye nezimfuneko zenkumbulo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto.I-ARM Cortex-R5F CPU ifika ku-800MHz.Ukuphepha okuphezulu: Izinga le-AEC-Q100 lokuthembeka kokucaciswa kwemoto lifinyelela Ibanga loku-1, futhi ileveli yokuphepha ye-ISO26262 ifinyelela ku-ASIL D. Isinyathelo sokukhiya esikabili esiyinhloko se-CPU singafinyelela ku-99% ukumbozwa kokuxilonga.Imojula yokuphepha yolwazi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ihlanganisa ijeneretha yezinombolo ezingahleliwe, i-AES, i-RSA, i-ECC, i-SHA, nama-accelerator ezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezithobelana nezindinganiso ezifanele Zombuso kanye nokuphepha kwebhizinisi.Ukuhlanganiswa kwale misebenzi yokuvikela ulwazi kungahlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinjengokuqalisa okuvikelekile, ukuxhumana okuvikelekile, ukuvuselelwa kwe-firmware evikelekile kanye nokuthuthukiswa.
I-chip yokulawula indawo yomzimba
Indawo yomzimba inesibopho esikhulu sokulawula imisebenzi eyahlukene yomzimba.Ngokuthuthuka kwemoto, isilawuli sendawo yomzimba siya ngokuya siyanda, ukuze kwehliswe izindleko zesilawuli, kuncishiswe isisindo semoto, ukuhlanganiswa kudinga ukubeka wonke amadivaysi asebenzayo, kusukela engxenyeni engaphambili, phakathi nendawo. ingxenye yemoto nengxenye engemuva yemoto, njengelambu lebhuleki elingemuva, ukukhanya kwendawo yangemuva, ilokhi yesicabha sangemuva, ngisho nenduku yokuhlala ekabili ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe ibe isilawuli esiphelele.
Isilawuli sendawo yomzimba ngokuvamile sihlanganisa i-BCM, i-PEPS, i-TPMS, i-Gateway neminye imisebenzi, kodwa futhi singanweba ukulungiswa kwesihlalo, isilawuli sesibuko esibukwa ngemuva, isilawuli se-air conditioning kanye neminye imisebenzi, ukuphathwa okuphelele nokuhlangene kwe-actuator ngayinye, ukwabiwa okunengqondo nokuphumelelayo kwezinsiza zohlelo. .Imisebenzi yesilawuli sendawo yomzimba miningi, njengoba kuboniswe ngezansi, kodwa ayikhawulelwe kuleyo ebhalwe lapha.
(1) Izimfuneko zomsebenzi
Izidingo eziyinhloko zama-elekthronikhi ezimoto zama-chips okulawula we-MCU ukuzinza okungcono, ukwethembeka, ukuphepha, isikhathi sangempela nezinye izici zobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwekhompyutha nomthamo wokugcina, kanye nezidingo zenkomba yokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi.Isilawuli sendawo yomzimba siye sashintsha kancane kancane kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kokusebenza okuhlukaniselwe indawo kuya kusilawuli esikhulu esihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zokushayela eziyisisekelo zama-electronics omzimba, imisebenzi ebalulekile, izibani, iminyango, i-Windows, njll. Idizayini yesistimu yokulawula indawo yomzimba ihlanganisa ukukhanya, ukuwasha izisula, indawo emaphakathi. lawula izingidi zeminyango, iWindows nezinye izilawuli, okhiye abahlakaniphile be-PEPS, ukuphathwa kwamandla, njll. Kanye nesango le-CAN, i-CANFD enwebekayo ne-FLEXRAY, inethiwekhi ye-LIN, isikhombimsebenzisi se-Ethernet kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemojula kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuklama.
Ngokuvamile, izidingo zomsebenzi zemisebenzi yokulawula eshiwo ngenhla ye-MCU yokulawula chip eyinhloko endaweni yomzimba ibonakala ikakhulukazi ezicini zekhompuyutha nokusebenza kokucubungula, ukuhlanganiswa kokusebenza, isixhumi esibonakalayo sokuxhumana, nokuthembeka.Ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile, ngenxa yomehluko wokusebenza ezimeni ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza endaweni yomzimba, njengeWindows yamandla, izihlalo ezizenzakalelayo, i-tailgate kagesi nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zomzimba, kusenezidingo zokulawula izimoto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zomzimba zidinga I-MCU ukuhlanganisa i-FOC electronic control algorithm neminye imisebenzi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza endaweni yomzimba zinezidingo ezihlukile zokumiswa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-chip.Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukukhetha indawo ye-MCU yomzimba ngokuya ngezidingo zokusebenza nokusebenza kwesimo sohlelo oluthile, futhi ngalesi sisekelo, ukulinganisa ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwezindleko zomkhiqizo, amandla okunikezela kanye nesevisi yezobuchwepheshe nezinye izici.
(2) Izidingo zokusebenza
Izinkomba eziyinhloko ze-chip ye-MCU yokulawula indawo yomzimba zimi kanje:
Ukusebenza: I-ARM Cortex-M4F@ 144MHz, 180DMIPS, inqolobane yenqolobane yemiyalo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi engu-8KB, isekela uhlelo lokusebenzisa iyunithi yokusheshisa i-Flash 0 ukulinda.
Inkumbulo yomthamo omkhulu obethelwe: kufika ku-512K Bytes eFlash, isekela isitoreji esibethelwe, ukuphathwa kwezingxenye kanye nokuvikelwa kwedatha, isekela ukuqinisekiswa kwe-ECC, izikhathi zokusula ezingu-100,000, iminyaka engu-10 yokugcinwa kwedatha;I-144K Bytes SRAM, isekela ukulingana kwehadiwe.
Izixhumanisi zokuxhumana ezicebile ezihlanganisiwe: Isekela i-GPIO yamashaneli amaningi, i-USART, i-UART, i-SPI, i-QSPI, i-I2C, i-SDIO, i-USB2.0, i-CAN 2.0B, i-EMAC, i-DVP nezinye izixhumanisi.
Isifanisi esisebenza kahle esididiyelwe: Sekela i-12bit 5Msps yesivinini esiphezulu i-ADC, i-amplifier esebenza ngojantshi ukuya kusitimela esizimele, isiqhathaniso se-analog esinesivinini esiphezulu, i-12bit 1Msps DAC;Sekela umthombo wamandla kagesi wereferensi ozimele wokufakwayo kwangaphandle, ukhiye wokuthinta we-capacitive weziteshi eziningi;Isilawuli se-DMA esinesivinini esikhulu.
Sekela i-RC yangaphakathi noma okokufaka kwewashi lekristalu langaphandle, ukusetha kabusha ukuthembeka okuphezulu.
Iwashi lesikhathi sangempela le-RTC lokulinganisa elakhelwe ngaphakathi, ikhalenda engapheli yonyaka we-leap, imicimbi ye-alamu, ukuvuka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Sekela isibali sesikhathi sokunemba okuphezulu.
Izici zokuphepha zezinga le-Hardware: Injini yokusheshisa i-algorithm ye-Encryption, esekela i-AES, DES, TDES, SHA1/224/256, SM1, SM3, SM4, SM7, MD5 algorithms;Ukubethela kwe-flash storage, ukuphathwa kokuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzisi abaningi (i-MMU), i-TRNG generator yezinombolo ezingahleliwe zeqiniso, ukusebenza kwe-CRC16/32;Ukusekela ukubhala ukuvikelwa (WRP), amazinga amaningi okuvikelwa kokufunda (RDP) (L0/L1/L2);Sekela ukuqalisa kokuphepha, ukulanda uhlelo lokubethela, isibuyekezo sokuvikeleka.
Ukusekela ukuqapha kokuhluleka kwewashi kanye nokuqapha okulwa nokubhidliza.
I-96-bit UID ne-128-bit UCID.
Indawo yokusebenza enokwethenjelwa kakhulu: 1.8V ~ 3.6V/-40℃ ~ 105℃.
(3) Iphethini yezimboni
Uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi yendawo yomzimba lusesigabeni sokuqala sokukhula kwawo womabili amabhizinisi angaphandle nawasekhaya.Amabhizinisi angaphandle afana ne-BCM, i-PEPS, iminyango kanye ne-Windows, isilawuli sezihlalo kanye neminye imikhiqizo esebenza ngasikhathi sinye inokuqoqwa okujulile kobuchwepheshe, kuyilapho izinkampani ezinkulu zakwamanye amazwe zinomkhakha obanzi wemigqa yomkhiqizo, ezibeka isisekelo sokuthi zenze imikhiqizo yokuhlanganisa uhlelo. .Amabhizinisi asekhaya anezinzuzo ezithile ekusebenziseni umzimba wemoto yamandla amasha.Thatha i-BYD njengesibonelo, emotweni entsha yamandla ye-BYD, indawo yomzimba ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo ezingakwesokunxele nezingakwesokudla, futhi umkhiqizo wokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu uhlelwa kabusha futhi uchazwe.Kodwa-ke, mayelana nama-chips okulawula indawo yomzimba, umphakeli oyinhloko we-MCU useyi-Infineon, i-NXP, i-Renesas, i-Microchip, i-ST kanye nabanye abakhiqizi bama-chip bamazwe ngamazwe, futhi abakhiqizi bama-chip basekhaya njengamanje banesabelo esiphansi semakethe.
(4) Izithiyo zezimboni
Ngokombono wokuxhumana, kunenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe-i-Vehicle Computer Platform yokugcina.Ushintsho lwejubane lokuxhumana, kanye nokwehliswa kwentengo yamandla ekhompiyutha ayisisekelo ngokuphepha okuphezulu okusebenzayo kuyisihluthulelo, futhi kungenzeka ukubona kancane kancane ukuhambisana kwemisebenzi ehlukene ezingeni le-elekthronikhi lesilawuli esiyisisekelo esikhathini esizayo.Isibonelo, isilawuli sendawo yomzimba singahlanganisa i-BCM evamile, i-PEPS, nemisebenzi ephikisana nokuncinza.Uma kuqhathaniswa, izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ze-chip yokulawula indawo yomzimba ziphansi kunendawo yamandla, indawo ye-cockpit, njll., futhi ama-chips asekhaya kulindeleke ukuthi ahole ekwenzeni impumelelo enkulu endaweni yomzimba futhi kancane kancane abone ukushintshwa kwasekhaya.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-MCU yasekhaya endaweni yomzimba ngaphambili nangemuva kwemakethe ibe nomfutho omuhle kakhulu wentuthuko.
I-chip yokulawula i-cockpit
Ukufakwa kukagesi, ubuhlakani kanye nokuxhumana kusheshise ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo ze-elekthronikhi nezikagesi kuya ekuqondisweni kokulawulwa kwesizinda, futhi indawo yokusebenzela nayo ikhula ngokushesha ukusuka ohlelweni lokuzijabulisa lomsindo nevidiyo lwemoto kuya ku-cockpit ehlakaniphile.I-cockpit yethulwe ngendlela yokusebenzisana nekhompyutha yomuntu, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isistimu ye-infotainment yangaphambili noma indawo yamanje ehlakaniphile, ngaphezu kokuba ne-SOC enamandla enejubane lekhompyutha, idinga futhi i-MCU yesikhathi sangempela esiphezulu ukubhekana nayo. ukusebenzisana kwedatha nemoto.Ukuduma kancane kancane kwezimoto ezichazwe yi-software, i-OTA ne-Autosar ku-cockpit ehlakaniphile kwenza izidingo zezinsiza ze-MCU ku-cockpit zikhuphuke kakhulu.Kuboniswa ngokucacile ekukhuleni kwesidingo somthamo we-FLASH nomthamo we-RAM, isidingo sokubala i-PIN siyanda, imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi idinga amakhono anamandla okusebenzisa uhlelo, kodwa futhi inothile obonakalayo webhasi.
(1) Izimfuneko zomsebenzi
I-MCU endaweni ye-cabin ikakhulukazi ibona ukuphathwa kwamandla esistimu, ukuphathwa kwamandla esikhathi, ukuphathwa kwenethiwekhi, ukuxilongwa, ukusebenzisana kwedatha yemoto, ukhiye, ukuphathwa kwe-backlight, ukuphathwa kwemojula ye-DSP/FM yomsindo, ukuphathwa kwesikhathi sohlelo neminye imisebenzi.
Izidingo zensiza ye-MCU:
· Imvamisa eyinhloko namandla ekhompyutha anezidingo ezithile, imvamisa eyinhloko ayikho ngaphansi kuka-100MHz futhi amandla ekhompyutha awekho ngaphansi kuka-200DMIPS;
· Indawo yokubeka i-Flash ayikho ngaphansi kuka-1MB, enekhodi Flash kanye nedatha Flash ukwahlukanisa ngokomzimba;
I-RAM engekho ngaphansi kuka-128KB;
· Izimfuneko eziphezulu zezinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo, zingafinyelela izinga le-ASIL-B;
· Sekela i-ADC eneziteshi eziningi;
· Sekela i-CAN-FD enamashaneli amaningi;
· Ukulawulwa kwezimoto IBanga AEC-Q100 IBanga1;
· Sekela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-inthanethi (i-OTA), i-Flash ukwesekwa kweBhange elikabili;
· Izinga le-SHE/HSM-light nangaphezulu kwenjini yokubethela ulwazi iyadingeka ukusekela ukuqalisa okuphephile;
· Ukubalwa kwephinikhodi akukho ngaphansi kuka-100PIN;
(2) Izidingo zokusebenza
I-IO isekela amandla kagesi abanzi (5.5v~2.7v), imbobo ye-IO isekela ukusetshenziswa kwe-overvoltage;
Ama-input amaningi amasignali ayashintshashintsha ngokuya nge-voltage yebhethri eliphakela amandla, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kube ne-overvoltage.I-overvoltage ingathuthukisa ukuzinza nokuthembeka kwesistimu.
Impilo yenkumbulo:
Umjikelezo wempilo yemoto ungaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10, ngakho-ke isitoreji sohlelo lwe-MCU yemoto kanye nokugcinwa kwedatha kudinga ukuba nempilo ende.Ukugcinwa kohlelo nokugcinwa kwedatha kumele kube nezingxenye ezihlukene zomzimba, futhi isitoreji sohlelo sidinga ukusulwa izikhathi ezimbalwa, ngakho-ke u-Endurance>10K, kuyilapho isitoreji sedatha sidinga ukusulwa kaningi, ngakho-ke sidinga ukuba nenani elikhulu lezikhathi zokusula. .Bheka inkomba ye-flash yedatha ethi Endurance>100K, iminyaka eyi-15 (<1K).Iminyaka eyi-10 (<100K).
I-interface yebhasi yokuxhumana;
Umthwalo wokuxhumana kwebhasi emotweni uya ngokuya ukhuphuka, ngakho-ke i-CAN yendabuko AYIsakwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sokuxhumana, isidingo samabhasi e-CAN-FD anesivinini esiphezulu siya ngokuya sikhuphuka, ukusekela i-CAN-FD kancane kancane isiphenduke indinganiso ye-MCU. .
(3) Iphethini yezimboni
Njengamanje, ingxenye ye-MCU ye-smart cabin yasekhaya isephansi kakhulu, futhi abahlinzeki abakhulu baseyi-NXP, i-Renesas, i-Infineon, i-ST, i-Microchip nabanye abakhiqizi be-MCU bamazwe ngamazwe.Iningi labakhiqizi be-MCU basekhaya bebesesimweni, ukusebenza kwemakethe kusazobonakala.
(4) Izithiyo zezimboni
Izinga lokulawula imoto yekhabethe elihlakaniphile kanye nezinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo alikho phezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqoqwa kokwazi ukuthi kanjani, kanye nesidingo sokuphindwaphindwa okuqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuthi ayikho imigqa yokukhiqiza ye-MCU eminingi ezindwangu zasekhaya, inqubo ihlehlisiwe, futhi kuthatha isikhathi ukufeza uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngokukhiqiza lukazwelonke, futhi kungase kube nezindleko eziphakeme, kanye nengcindezi yokuncintisana ne abakhiqizi bamazwe ngamazwe bakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-chip yokulawula yasekhaya
Ama-chips okulawula izimoto asekelwe kakhulu ku-MCU yemoto, amabhizinisi asekhaya ahamba phambili njengeZiguang Guowei, i-Huada Semiconductor, i-Shanghai Xinti, i-Zhaoyi Innovation, i-Jiefa Technology, i-Xinchi Technology, i-Beijing Junzheng, i-Shenzhen Xihua, i-Shanghai Qipuwei, i-National Technology, njll. ukulandelana kwemikhiqizo ye-MCU yezinga lemoto, imikhiqizo emikhulu yaphesheya kwezilwandle, okwamanje esekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-ARM.Amanye amabhizinisi nawo enze ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwe-RISC-V Architecture.
Njengamanje, i-chip yesizinda sokulawula imoto yasekhaya isetshenziswa kakhulu emakethe yokulayisha ngaphambili yezimoto, futhi isetshenziswe emotweni esizindeni somzimba kanye nesizinda se-infotainment, kuyilapho ku-chassis, isizinda samandla nezinye izinkambu, sisabuswa ama-chip giants aphesheya kwezilwandle afana ne-stmicroelectronics, NXP, Texas Instruments, ne-Microchip Semiconductor, futhi ambalwa kuphela amabhizinisi asekhaya afeze izicelo zokukhiqiza ngobuningi.Njengamanje, umkhiqizi wama-chip wasekhaya i-Chipchi uzokhipha imikhiqizo yochungechunge lwe-chip E3 esebenza kahle kakhulu esekelwe ku-ARM Cortex-R5F ngo-April 2022, nezinga lokuphepha elisebenzayo elifinyelela ku-ASIL D, izinga lokushisa elisekela i-AEC-Q100 Ibanga loku-1, imvamisa ye-CPU ifika ku-800MHz. , nama-CPU cores angafika kwangu-6.Ingumkhiqizo osebenza kahle kakhulu kugeji yemoto yokukhiqiza ngobuningi i-MCU, egcwalisa igebe emakethe ye-MCU yezinga eliphezulu lokuphepha eliphezulu, esebenza kahle kakhulu nokwethembeka okuphezulu, ingasetshenziswa ku-BMS, ADAS, VCU, -I-chassis yocingo, insimbi, i-HUD, isibuko esingemuva esihlakaniphile nezinye izinkambu zokulawula imoto.Amakhasimende angaphezu kwe-100 asebenzise i-E3 yokuklama umkhiqizo, okuhlanganisa i-GAC, i-Geely, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo eyinhloko yesilawuli sasekhaya
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-19-2023